The Goals Of Positive Youth Development Young People Essay

The Goals Of Positive Youth Development Young People Essay Positive Youth Development focus on building or promoting positive qualities in adolescents and focus on adolescents development in a social context, including the family, school and/or community (Catalano et al., 2002) . It suggests that good life can be encouraged by identifying individual strengths of character and fostering them (Seligman. 2002). Positive youth development goal is to build and strengthen personal qualities that enable adolescents to grow and flourish throughout life (Park, 2004). Positive youth development suggests that by focusing on adolescents strengths, the impact of negative risk factors will be reduced (Thornberry, 1995). Focusing on adolescents strengths in multiple domains, such as family, school, and community, is what is particularly important in buffering adolescents from the effects of risk factors (Thornberry, 1995). Positive youth development sets the main guidelines as to how we can best support adolescents healthy development. Lerner (2005) states that Positive youth development outcomes can be identified as the Five C; Competence (academic, social, vocational skills), Self-Confidence, Connectedness (healthy relationship to community, friends, family), Character (integrity, moral commitment), Caring and Compassion (Lerner at al., 2005). Positive youth development focuses on the adolescents pos itive outcomes rather than negative outcomes (Catalano et al., 2002). The positive youth development approach aims to provide the maximum impact on the life-path of adolescents (Catalano et al., 2002). Youth development suggests long-term outcomes. Adolescents who consistently experience healthy attitudes and clear expectations for positive behaviour within their families, schools, and communities are less likely to become involved in risky behaviours, especially if they have developed strong bonds to the individuals and social groups within these settings (Garmezy, 1971). Adolescents have to experience and embrace the newly acquired skills and positive relationships over a long period of time to be effective. Positive youth development strategies have to accompany adolescents throughout their growing up years. While short term positive outcomes are important and should be built on, Positive youth development suggests positive long term outcomes.(Park, 2004). The Positive Youth Development focuses on building on the adolescents strengths, talents and interests encouraging wellness as much as on remedying deficits. Youth development strategies target all adolescents. It suggests that creating supportive and enriching environments for all adolescents will lead to positive outcomes as well as reduced negative outcomes (Lerner, 2004). The Positive Youth Development perspective stemmed from the work of comparative psychologists who had been studying the plasticity of developmental modes that emerged from the fusion of biological and contextual levels of organisation (Benson et al., 2006). The work of Garmezys (1983) ideas about the invulnerable child, which suggests that adolescents protective factors can reduce the impact of risk factors, followed by Werners (1982) work on resiliency were the cornerstone for the positive youth developmental approach (Damon, 2004). In 1997 Benson focused on the developmental assets, idea, which explains the adolescents positive characteristics in contrast to the incapacities of adolescents. The exploration of adolescence by developmental scientists interested in developmental systems theory resulted in the elaboration of the Positive Youth Development perspective (Benson et al., 2006). The Positive Development Perspective Versus the Deficit View The exploration of a strength- based ideal promotes the concept of positive human development (Lerner, 2004). Since the founding of the scientific study of adolescent development (Hall, 1904), the predominant conceptual frame for the study of adolescence has been one of prevention and elimination of risk factors that make adolescents and youth vulnerable to maladaptive behaviours ( Benson et al., 2006). The goal of Positive Youth Development is not merely restricted to surviving in the face of adversity but actually growing throughout life (Lerner, 2007). Interventions targeting only one single problem have come under criticism. Broad based interventions can therefore have broad effects. Thus programs that promote wellness and building strengths such as character strength among youth and sustain it across the life span may pay much greater dividends, not only preventing in the short run disorders but also building the long run moral, healthy, and well developed people who can over come challenges in life and enjoy the good life (Albee 1996; Cowen 1994,1998; Durlak 1997;Elias 19995) Catalano, Berglund, Ryan, Lonczak, and Hawkins (1999) noted that problem behaviours are tracked more often than positive ones and, while an increasing number of positive youth development interventions are choosing to measure both, this is still far from being the standard in the field. The Positive Youth Development approach suggests that adolescents are resources to be developed, and not as problems to be managed (Roth Brooks-Gunn, 2003a,b). It builds on the idea of resilience and protective factors; suggesting that adolescents have the personal strength and resilience to help them avoid problems such as alcohol, drugs, and school violence (Luthar, Cicchetti, Curtis, 2000). People are pleased when intervention programs reduce the rates of drug abuse or teenage crime. However there are few positive indicators to which people may point to reflect the desirable, healthy, and valued behaviours among their children and adolescents (Lerner, 2004). Replacing the deficit view of adolescence, the PYD model regards adolescents as having strengths. The PYD model suggests that increases in well-being and thriving are possible for young adolescence through aligning the strengths of adolescents with developmental assets present in their social and physical ecology (Lerner, 2005). Earlier prevention programs only focused on the reduction of the influence of well-established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The health and well-being of adolescents require as much attention to promoting developmental strengths as to directly combating risk, environmental threats, and social dysfunctions that obstruct human development (Benson, 2006). These two approaches ought to be complementary and in balance. Positive Youth Development Enhances the Well Being of Young People Positive Youth development program strive to build strengths, competence, and positive qualities in children (Catalano et al., 2002). Earlier prevention programs only focused on the reduction of the influence of well- established risk factors for the development of problem behaviours. The Positive Youth Development approach focuses on lowering the impact of developmental risks and increasing the influence of protective factors. Protective factors are targeted by prevention strategies aimed at influencing a wide range of different problem behaviour being developed ( Jessor, 1995). School based substance prevention programs can be effective in reducing consumption rates of substance during adolescences (Tobler et al., 2000). Such programs employ interactive teaching methods, thus providing contact and communication opportunities between students, encouraging refusal skills, allowing feedback to be received in a non-threatening climate, and enabling students to practice acquired skills. Along with the interactive teaching approach, PYD prevention programs promote resistance, assertiveness, communication, and problem solving skills against social pressure (WHO, 1997). The characteristics for effective prevention programs against adolescent substance misuse can best be reflected in life skills programs implemented within school or community setting ( Tobler Stratton, 1997) The life skill program can help adolescents through; Enhancing a Sense of Personal Safety Adolescents need to have a sense of physical and emotional security, they need to feel that adults will protect them from any emotional or physical harm. It is important for adolescents to feel less apprehensive of negative outcomes when failing to achieve certain goals, thus adolescents need to be encouraged to take positive risks Youth at a program feel as though the adults there will protect them from any physical harm. Young people who are encouraged to take positive risks without negative consequences for their mistakes become less fearful of failure and more likely to pursue stretch goals, objectives they might once have rejected as out of their reach (Seligman, 2002). Encouraging Relationship Building Adolescents need many supportive relationships to help them navigate their adolescence. They need guidance from adults as well as emotional and practical support from their peers. Research has identified these adult-child and peer relationships as the key to helping young people overcome the obstacles of adolescence and adolescence relationships (Lerner, 2004). Fostering Meaningful Youth Participation Simple participation is not enough to promote positive youth development: youth must have an active role in shaping the program. They must have the opportunity to practice and develop leadership skills by planning projects, initiatives, and activities (ODonnell et al., 1995).Giving youth a meaningful role in the program will heighten their sense of belonging to the program, fostering deeper relationships with the adult staff and other youth participants (Park, 2004). Providing Opportunities for Community Involvement Young people are often looking for a sense of purpose. Creating opportunities for young people to become involved in the community, and for community members to interact with youth, is a powerful way to foster this sense of purpose (Larson, 2000). It is also a successful and innovative way of advancing community change. Life skills programs encourage a mutualism relationship between the youth of a community and the community as a whole. By engaging in dialogue and action together, youth can learn more about the community in which they live, giving them greater respect for it, and preparing them to become active and responsible citizens within it. At the same time, the community can overcome negative stereotypes about the young, and gain a greater understanding of the assets of the youth who live there. Positive Youth Development in relation to working with adolescents. PYD perspective presents a real shift in thinking of how we provide services for young people. It suggests that motivation results from using reinforcers effectively. Focusing on adolescents character strength and nurturing positive skills can actually increase intrinsic motivation and increases adolescents sense of autonomy, achievement, and the understanding of why we succeed and fail (Benson, 2006). Positive Youth development challenges communities to take a new look at its resources and how they can be used to support young people. Positive Youth Development perspective helps adolescents take responsibilities for their own learning by setting and monitoring goals, using positive personal skills, and employing effective strategies. In addition, teacher characteristics including personal teaching efficacy, modelling, caring, and high expectations together with classroom climate and instructional variables to enhance motivation. Motivation is increased when adolescents work in a safe and orderly environment, experience success, understand tasks and the reasons from them, and experience optimal challenge, Instructors can increase adolescents motivation by preparing attractive activities and tasks, involving the adolescents, personalising content, and providing informative feedback. Life is full of different stresses and risks. Neither society nor parents can completely protect children from them, it is the children who themselves have to meet these challenges (Lerner, 2000). However we can prepare them to overcome adversities in life and further more to thrive. By identifying important developmental strengths such as character strengths and life satisfaction by facilitating their development, and by strengthening and maintaining them, we can help youth achieve the healthy, happy, and good lives that they all deserve (Benson, 2006).

Animal Farm: a Story Based on Communism

The novel â€Å"Animal Farm† is a story based on communism, and revolves around the Russian revolution and the Soviet Union, showing this by the animal’s feelings, emotions and actions of communism eventually becoming corrupt. The novel is written by George Orwell and is told by a narrator in third person, and shows how communism operates and reflects upon the characters. The main characters in Animal Farm would make a list of: Napoleon (the big fat pig), Old Major (the boar), Snowball (Napoleon’s best friend, the white pig), Squealer (Napoleon’s side kick, the pig), boxer (the horse) and Benjamin (the donkey) as the rest being pigs and sheep etc.Napoleon would be the perfect specimen for being the key character to reveal George Orwell’s important warning or theme, which is that power, corrupts. Old major, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise, and teaches them a song called â€Å"Beasts of England,† in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm.When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs, Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer, formulate his key principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Belatedly one night, the animals manage to overpower the farmer Mr. Jones in a battle, virtually forcing him to leave. They rename the property Animal Farm from Manor Farm and dedicate themselves to achieving Major’s dream. The carthorse Boxer devotes himself to the cause with particular fanaticism, committing his great strength to the success of the farm and adopting as a delicate maxim the support â€Å"I will work harder. Originally, Animal Farm prospers. Snowball is ever so determine to teach the animals to read, and Napoleon is the head of a group of youthful puppies to educate them in the ethics of Animalism. When Mr Jones shows unannounced to fight back for his farm, the animals defeat him once again, in what comes to be known as the Battle of the Cowshed, and take the farmer’s abandoned gun as a token of their victory. As time leads on, nevertheless, Napoleon and Snowball gradually hedge over the future of the farm, and they commence to find it hard with each other for power and influence amid the farm.Snowball concocts a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill, except Napoleon firmly opposes the plan. When the meeting aroused for the vote on whether to take up the task, Snowball astounds everyone one with his speech. Even though Napoleon gives only a brief rejoin, he suddenly made a strange noise, and nine attack dogs, the puppies that Napoleon had confiscated in order to â€Å"educate†, rupture into the barn and hound Snowball from the farm. Napoleon ends up assuming leade rship of Animal Farm while declaring to that will be the end for any meeting.From there on, he asserts, the pigs alone will make the decisions now onwards for the good of everyone. Napoleon ends up shifting his mind about the windmill and especially Boxer, and of course with all the animals going along with it, to devote their efforts to completing it. The windmill ended up falling down from a storm. The human farmers in the area thought that the animals made the walls too thin, due to the end result. Napoleon claims that Snowball came back to sabotage the windmill.He stages a great wash out during which animals who allegedly participates in Snowball’s great plan. In other words any animal who opposes Napoleon’s uncontested leadership, convene direct death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership not answered (Boxer has taken up a second maxim, Napoleon always being correct. Napoleon begins growing his powers, rewriting history to make Snowball a villain. N apoleon begins to act more like a human being, sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade farmers.The initial Animalist principles exactly forbade such activities, but Squealer, Napoleon’s propagandist, justifies the actions to the others, whilst convincing that Napoleon is a handy leader and makes everything better for everyone, despite the fact that the common animals are cold, hungry, and pushed too far. A neighboring farmer called Mr Frederick scams some timber and then attacks the farm and dynamites the windmill, in saying that the repair was expensive.After the demolition of the windmill, a slanting battle, when boxer cops major wounds. The animals rout the farmers, but Boxer’s injuries weakened him. When he falls whilst working on the windmill. All of a sudden, Boxer is nowhere to be found. According to Squealer, Boxer is in peace after being taken to the hospital, admiring the Rebellion with Boxers very last breath. In realism, Napoleon has sold his most loyal and long suffering worker to a glue maker in order to earn money for whisky.As time passes on the farm, the pigs become and eventually act like human beings likewise, walking upright, carrying whips, and wearing clothes. In the long run, the seven principles of Animalism, known as the Seven Commandments and decorated on the side of the barn, ends up being reduced to a single principle reading, â€Å"all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others†. Napoleon entertains a human farmer named Mr. Pilkington at a dinner and declares his intent to ally himself with the human farmers against the laboring classes of both the human and animal communities.Eventually Animal Farm is returned to the name being Manor Farm, claiming that Manor Farm is correct. Looking through the farmhouse window, the common animals can no longer figure for who are the pigs or the human beings. Animal Farm is mainly famous in the West as a stinging critique of the history and rheto ric of the Russian Revolution. Retelling the story of the emergence and development of Soviet communism in the form of an animal fable.

Introduction to Market Failure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 660 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/18 Category Analytics Essay Level High school Tags: Failure Essay Did you like this example? Market failure is an economic situation that is characterized by an insufficiency of goods and services in the market. In another perspective, market failure is defined as a situation in the market where each particular individual decides to make correct decisions in their own rights but eventually, those decisions turn out to be catastrophic for the survival of the whole group. A rather traditional approach as to what market failure is has been a state of imbalance that develops whenever the quantity that has been supplied in the market does not match up with the quantity that is being demanded. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Introduction to Market Failure" essay for you Create order Market failure has been argued as the selfishness exhibited in the market. Market failures could happen for a number of reasons but the most common occurring them have been on the basis of public goods and externalities and this could be positive or negative. Public goods refer to those goods in the market that is unrivaled and are non-excludable. This would, therefore, mean that these services and goods produced under the public goods tag cannot, therefore, be limited in consumption by the producer to the paying customers in the market. National policing and defense are some examples of public good and market failures would occur some consumers in the market exclude themselves from paying for public goods but still continue to enjoy the benefits. Like in the case of national defense, its a common occurrence for all consumers to enjoy the same share of national defense despite their economic status quo as it is impossible to produce private military for each consumer. (Melberg, 2015)Public goods cause market failure s because most firms would definitely shy away from providing them as they are not a viable profitable option for them and then again, once the product is in the market, the firm real wouldnt be able to prevent these of that g ood by consumers. This is why the government is the primary provider of public goods and then voluntary organizations follow closely. Positive externalities refer to those services and goods that accede a third party more benefits. For example, reducing congestion more so in our cities due to cycling would be considered as a positive externality in that particular situation. Externalities whether positive or negative do happen when the actions of one person to affect the wellbeing of another individual in the market. Positive externalities are therefore beneficial repercussions of one behavior in a free market. For example, if I were to clean our estate compound estate daily, my neighbor would definitely enjoy a clean environment where their kids can come out and enjoy (Caplan, n.d.). Negative externalities are the complete opposite of what positive externalities are. While positive externalities bring about a positive effect, negative externalities have a foul effect of other players within the market. Negative externalities refer to services and goods whose provision in the market who arguably the third party to incur several costs because of that service. For example, provision of cigarettes in the market for the smokers has a ripple effect on passive smokers as they too are at health risk of getting cancer not because of their own actions but because of actions of another person with whom they share the market. The decision and actions in regards to the smoker will definitely affect even those that are not ascribed to smoking (Investopedia, 2018). Graphically speaking, this particular diagram shows that when social costs are lower than the private costs then negative externality will likely occur. The equilibrium in the market is affected and that would definitely lead to negative or positive externalities. References Caplan, B. (n.d.). Externalities. Retrieved October 26, 2018, from Econlib: www.econlib.org/library/Enc/Externalities.html Investopedia. (2018, February 13 ). How do externalities affect equilibrium and create market failure? Retrieved from Investopedia : https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/051515/how-do-externalities-affect-equilibrium-and -create-market-failure.asp Melberg, H. (2015, June 13 ). What is the relationship between public goods and market failure? Retrieved from Quora: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-relationship-between-public-goods-and-market-failure

Rock And Roll Rock Roll - 1169 Words

Rey Marinas Mus160 CRN 10962 Homework # 2 Rock Roll Rock music has come a long way since its development in the early 20th century. The genre, defined â€Å"as a merger between rhythmblues and country† (Scaruffi, The History of Rock Music:1955-1966), started out more as an underground market, but ended up becoming a significant aspect of American popular music history. Rock-n-Roll music produce many legendary artists who will forever be known as innovators of the genre. Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were some of the many artists in Rock-n-Roll who will always live on in their music. Many teenagers were also to identify it due to its rebellious nature their disapproval of the cold war. Towards the end of the 1950s, Rock-n-Roll was ending†¦show more content†¦I think this was the time when Rock-n-Roll was truly reborn as Rock music. â€Å"The changing of Rock and Roll terminology is illustrative. â€Å"Rock and Roll† became simply â€Å"Rock†, connoting its new heaviness (seriousness)† (Cary, pg. 31) The oncoming decade allowed for new developments within rock music and as a result, soared in popularity. The British invasion, a phrase coined by Walter Cronkite while reporting the arrival of the Beatles in the USA, and American folk singers were the causes of the rapid changes in Rock music. It was British bands that altered how Rock-n-Roll was played, and at the same time American folk singers were in the process of changing how its audience, particularly the youth, perceived it. The United States has always met with great success in exporting their own popular music to Europe. However, the impact that the Beatles had on our country started the beginning of what Star and Waterman call an â€Å"aggressively reciprocal process† (Star and Waterman, pg. 255). Which is true because the Beatles’ debut on the Ed Sullivan Show was a huge success 73 million Americans watched their first appearance on the show. After wards, British invasion groups took America by the storm. â€Å"The Beatles’ arrival in America in 1964 reversed this trend. Their electric, charismatic performances tapped a public nerve and energized the pop music scene. â€Å"(Cary, Pg. 31) Many of America’s own pop groups were wiped off ofShow MoreRelatedRock And Roll Or Roll1549 Words   |  7 PagesShake and roll (frequently composed as rock and roll or shake n roll) is a classification of mainstream music that started and developed in the United States amid the late 19 40s and mid 1950s,[1][2] from a mix of African-American sorts, for example, soul, boogie-woogie, hop soul, jazz, and gospel music,[3] together with Western swing and nation music.[4] Though components of rock and roll can be heard in soul records from the 1920s[5] and in nation records of the 1930s,[4] the class did not obtainRead MoreThe Music Of Rock And Roll1862 Words   |  8 PagesIn the 1950’s a new type of music emerged in the United States. Rock and Roll was here to stay. â€Å"Rock musicians not only addressed contemporary events, they pushed the conventional musical boundaries.† Rock and Roll had a significant impact on politics, the music industry, and pop culture in the United States during the 1960 s. â€Å"Music of the 1960’s often challenged political authority directly and unambiguously.† Rock musicians found themselves considering political involvement through theirRead MoreThe Origins Of Rock And Roll1090 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"African Americans invented Rock and Roll, without their musical contributions we would not have the genre.† As an eager, attentive History 105 student I have had to opportunity to learn a great deal about the origins of the genre of Rock and Roll. The origin, even though many historians have attempted to determine exactly where it came from, is still unknown. Rock and Roll is a blend of Gospel, Jazz, Blues, Hillbilly, Rhythm and Blues and many more types of music. Throughout this essay I will tryRead MoreThe Music Of Rock Roll1899 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction I love Rock Roll. So, put another dime in the jukebox baby.† - (Joan Jett). Still like that old time Rock Roll. That kind of music just soothes the soul, I reminisce about the days of old, with that old time Rock Roll.† - (Bob Segar). â€Å"You show us everything you ve got. You keep on dancin and the room gets hot. You drive us wild, we ll drive you crazy.† – (KISS). Music is the art of combining vocal or instrumental sounds (or both) to produce beauty of form, harmony and expressionRead MoreThe Impact Of Rock And Roll On Society1717 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the entire history of Rock and Roll, it is very apparent just how great of an impact social and cultural change has made on the development of the genre. Society is such a powerful entity and its influences on art are very often overlooked. 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It has also sustained itself throughout this period without dropping in popularity. Rock and roll has had a huge impact on the society we live in today because it affects other music genres such as hip hop and neo-soul. It has not only affected other genres but also opened up a way for originality, self-expression, and free thought. It also influenced artists to give political opinions through their songs which alsoRead MoreThe Birth of Rock and Roll Music2432 Words   |  10 Pagesbut music changed the decade of the 1950s. Welcome to the decade, where rock ‘n’ roll music emerged. Rock ‘n’ roll changed the world, but it wasn’t just the music. The music created a movem ent. People were not afraid to be different. The Birth of Rock ‘n’ roll, created a major impact on many cultures and society. When I think of Rock ‘n’ roll music, I think of the music, as a stepping stone for Americans. 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Between the mid-1960s and 1995 i believe rock and roll changed in more of a dramatic way. The Beatles were a big game changer in the 1960s as everyone likes to use the term revolutionary to describe what happened with music. The beatles were